Five formulas, no secrets
Every output maps to one line of arithmetic on your inputs.
| Output | Formula | How to read it |
|---|---|---|
| Cash shortfall | max(0, upgrade cost − current cash) | How much you still need before the purchase is possible. |
| Time until affordable | shortfall ÷ current income per second | How long the counter must run at your present rate. Blank if you have no income yet. |
| Income increase | rate after − rate before | The incremental gain the purchase actually adds — read it from the sandwich info panel. |
| Upgrade payback | upgrade cost ÷ incremental income | Seconds until the purchase has earned its own cost back. Shorter is better. |
| Session projection | rate × online minutes | Before-versus-after earnings across a typical play window. |
| Offline estimate | rate × offline hours × your measured efficiency | Only appears from the efficiency you measured with the offline-earnings guide — the game publishes no rate. |